18 de junho de 2025

Uma última chance para a paz no Oriente Médio

Estados Árabes podem ser a chave para deter a guerra Israel-Irã

Sanam Vakil

Fumaça saindo de um ataque israelense em Teerã, junho de 2025 Majid Asgaripour / Agência de Notícias da Ásia Ocidental / Reuters

O Oriente Médio está à beira de uma ampla guerra regional. Em 12 de junho, Israel iniciou uma campanha de bombardeios sustentada contra a infraestrutura nuclear do Irã, a liderança do regime e os depósitos de petróleo e gás, em um esforço para — nas palavras do primeiro-ministro israelense Benjamin Netanyahu — "degradar, destruir e remover a ameaça" de um potencial armamento nuclear iraniano. O Irã respondeu com uma barragem de mísseis balísticos e retirando-se das negociações nucleares com Washington. Os Estados árabes têm se preocupado em serem arrastados para uma guerra entre Irã e Israel desde que os dois países começaram a se confrontar indiretamente.

Ainda há uma pequena janela para evitar uma guerra total. Mas, com Washington aparentemente tendo se acalmado em relação à diplomacia, cabe aos países da região interromper o conflito. Afinal, apenas os Estados árabes e a Turquia mantêm boas relações de trabalho com Israel, Irã e Estados Unidos. Agora, esses países precisam apresentar propostas de distensão. Eles precisam estabelecer uma iniciativa de mediação regional que lhes permita dialogar e atuar como intermediários entre as partes em conflito. Eles ainda precisarão envolver Washington. Mas não podem depender disso.

Se os países árabes e a Turquia fracassarem, a guerra se regionalizará. Eles podem muito bem enfrentar ataques à sua infraestrutura pelo Irã. E o medo e a incerteza se espalharão entre seus povos.

PRESO NO FOGO CRUZADO

Durante anos, os governos árabes consideraram o Irã e Israel países problemáticos. O expansionismo ideológico do Irã, o avanço do programa nuclear e o apoio a milícias no Iraque, Líbano e Iêmen, bem como ao antigo regime de Bashar al-Assad na Síria, há muito tempo o tornam uma ameaça aos seus vizinhos. Em 2019, o mundo árabe assistiu com alarme ao ataque do Irã, segundo investigadores da ONU, dos EUA e da Arábia Saudita, às instalações petrolíferas sauditas. (O Irã negou envolvimento, mas comemorou os ataques.) Eles ficaram consternados quando Teerã transformou os houthis, antes uma insurgência iemenita localizada, em uma ameaça de longo alcance que, em 2022, atingiu um canteiro de obras e uma instalação petrolífera em Abu Dhabi.

The Gulf states have had better relations with Israel, at least in recent years. But Israel’s prolonged and brutal war in Gaza, its treatment of Palestinians in the West Bank, its expansion of settlements, and its unwillingness to engage in postwar peace or security discussions have stoked concerns that it, too, is a destabilizing force. Its military achievements, which include degrading Hamas’s and Hezbollah’s leadership and infrastructure, targeting Iranian forces in Syria, and carrying out military strikes against Iran itself, have been quietly admired in Gulf security circles. But Arab governments must increasingly contend with mass public anger over Israel’s campaign in Gaza that has further stalled the normalization process. They also oppose Israel’s continued military strikes in post-Assad Syria, which has invited further instability at a time when most of the Arab world wants Syria to be at peace.

Above all, Arab countries fear Israel’s war with Iran. Israeli officials have not said they want the conflict to expand, but the country’s strikes on Iran’s energy facilities, including the Shahr Rey refinery in Tehran and part of the South Pars refinery in the Gulf, may be designed to goad Iran into making good on threats to attack Gulf energy stations or to close the Strait of Hormuz. Such moves would draw Arab states into the conflict and force them to side openly with Israel—which is exactly what Israel is seeking. The United States, meanwhile, may soon enter the war on Israel’s behalf. If so, Iran will be even more tempted to target Arab states, which are home to multiple U.S. military bases.

For the Gulf countries, Iranian attacks on U.S. bases, Gulf energy infrastructure, or ships in the Strait of Hormuz would be a disaster. They would jeopardize oil exports and destroy investor confidence, derailing their carbon-dependent economies and undermining other economic endeavors, such as Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 initiative. They could also worsen the conflict in Yemen, where the rebel Houthis would likely resume attacks on ships in the Red Sea and direct strikes against Gulf states. Civilian Arab populations would suffer from any attacks that threatened food supplies, contaminated water, or led to cyber-disruptions. Acutely aware of the risks they face, these countries are becoming increasingly desperate to prevent the conflict from spreading.

MIDDLEMEN

To avoid being attacked, Arab states have tried hard to distance themselves from Israel’s actions. Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) condemned Israel’s military campaign. Jordan has called for de-escalation. Oman and Qatar issued particularly strong statements against Israeli strikes, reflecting their fear that Israel is intentionally sabotaging U.S.-Iranian efforts to strike a nuclear deal. Turkey has been equally critical, with President Recep Tayyip Erdogan offering “to do everything” his country can “to prevent uncontrolled escalation.”

It is unclear what, exactly, Erdogan is proposing. But regional actors do have the unique position, credibility, and leverage to stop the spiral between Iran, Israel, and the United States. Gulf states maintain direct lines to both Tehran and Washington. They host American forces, broker back-channel talks, and understand the security calculations on both sides. They now also have ways to speak with Israel, publicly or privately. In this moment of crisis, they must use all those assets not just to manage fallout but also to forge a cease-fire and a path back to nuclear and broader regional diplomacy.

To do so, regional governments should launch a diplomatic initiative, perhaps under the auspices of the Arab League or a smaller, Gulf-led contact group, that uses trusted intelligence and diplomatic back channels to establish indirect talks between Israeli and Iranian representatives. They can use this network to push for a cooling-off period between Iran and Israel in which the two countries would agree to limit strikes, especially on highly populated civilian areas. At the same time, the Arab states and Turkey must open a separate diplomatic channel that is focused on protecting energy and maritime infrastructure, as well as preventing the environmental and health crises that can result from attacks on nuclear facilities. Such public initiatives would have the added benefit of showing U.S. President Donald Trump that de-escalation and negotiations are the best path forward—and the one the region wants. It would also pave the way for talks about a full cease-fire and a durable peace deal.

Uma ação regional coordenada é essencial para evitar uma catástrofe maior.

At first, it might seem hard to imagine that Trump would agree to a truce brokered by a foreign government. But Arab Gulf countries were the first ones that the U.S. president visited after returning to the White House, and his trip gave Gulf leaders a renewed sense that Washington was not only listening but also aligning with their core security concerns. Trump repudiated past U.S. military entanglements and democracy promotion efforts, calling for a new era of “peace and partnership” instead. He praised the Gulf states’ investments in “commerce, not chaos” and “technology, not terrorism.” He endorsed their calls for sanctions relief in Syria and provided support to that country’s new government. More important, in private meetings, Trump signaled a willingness to back Gulf priorities. The visit suggested that he was willing not only to listen to the Gulf states’ input but also to act on it.

Israel may be more reluctant than the United States to entertain a Gulf-brokered peace agreement. But two Gulf states, Bahrain and the UAE, have become key economic and strategic partners of Israel. Israel also wants to normalize ties with Saudi Arabia, and Israeli officials know that doing so will be much easier if they back away from the war with Iran. And although Netanyahu may want escalation, other Israeli leaders understand that a wider war could threaten energy markets in ways that would make life harder for their constituents.

Iran, for its part, has every incentive to accept a Gulf-brokered deal. Under constant and unyielding Israeli bombardment, the Islamic Republic’s leaders are looking for a face-saving off-ramp. Iranian officials are so worried about internal unrest and losing their hold on power that they have stated publicly that Tehran will return to the negotiating table if a cease-fire is possible. The Arab states, for their part, have proved adroit at handling tricky negotiations with Iran. Iran’s attacks in the Gulf in 2019 and the Houthi attacks in 2022 frightened the region but also precipitated a de-escalation and normalization: the UAE resumed diplomatic ties with Iran in 2022, and Saudi Arabia followed suit in Chinese-brokered mediation in 2023.

ÚLTIMA CHANCE

Em 2003, os Estados árabes e a Turquia se opuseram veementemente à invasão do Iraque pelos EUA, alertando que isso desestabilizaria a região e fortaleceria forças extremistas. Hoje, esses mesmos governos estão novamente unidos em seu apelo à distensão, reconhecendo que outra guerra descontrolada poderia desencadear um caos ainda maior. Os riscos são extraordinariamente altos para eles: sabem que, se o conflito não cessar, há muito pouco que possam fazer para se proteger de contágios e instabilidade. Com tempo limitado e riscos crescentes, uma ação regional coordenada é essencial para evitar uma catástrofe mais ampla.

Espero que esses países consigam convencer o Irã e Israel a não continuarem lutando, e os Estados Unidos a não se juntarem a eles. Eles podem dizer a Israel que suas ações atuais podem transformar o caminho da normalização em um caminho do isolamento e transformar o status quo de dissuasão eficaz em um de conflito perpétuo. Eles podem fazer o Irã entender que seu programa nuclear, ataques com mísseis e atividades por procuração não serão tolerados — e que sua integração contínua à região exige uma mudança de comportamento.

Alcançar um acordo de paz será extremamente difícil. Irã e Israel estão entrincheirados em suas respectivas posições. O conflito parece estar esquentando, não esfriando. No entanto, o mundo precisa desesperadamente de um esforço diplomático sério e sustentado para apaziguar a tensão. Esse esforço deve envolver Irã e Israel e deve ser apoiado pelos Estados Unidos. Mas só pode ser liderado, ou pelo menos catalisado, por Estados da região.

SANAM VAKIL é Diretor do Programa do Oriente Médio e Norte da África da Chatham House.

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