A região deve construir sua própria segurança, não comprá-la
David B. Roberts
A guerra entre os EUA e Israel contra o Irã colocou os Estados do Golfo em uma posição impossível. As forças americanas que abrigam tornaram-se a principal razão pela qual seus hotéis e infraestrutura energética estão sob ataque iraniano. Embora os recursos militares iranianos estejam bastante degradados, Teerã mantém a capacidade de atacar o Golfo, e seu controle sobre o Estreito de Ormuz permanece intacto. O presidente dos EUA, Donald Trump, tem tanta probabilidade de aceitar qualquer acordo que possa chamar de vitória quanto de intensificar o conflito; de qualquer forma, os Estados do Golfo perdem. Os líderes do Golfo precisam parar de esperar que Washington apresente um resultado que lhes seja conveniente e começar a moldá-lo por si mesmos.
A solução exige o abandono da premissa que norteou a segurança do Golfo por um século: a de que segurança é uma mercadoria a ser negociada, e não uma capacidade a ser construída. Isso exige que os Estados do Golfo negociem com o Irã diretamente, em vez de esperar que Washington o faça por eles. Um acordo entre as monarquias do Golfo e o Irã deve assumir a forma de um tratado no qual uma retirada militar gradual dos EUA de suas bases no Golfo sirva como a pedra angular de um acordo regional abrangente. A retirada dos EUA não seria uma retirada forçada pela agressão iraniana, mas sim uma manobra calculada. O Irã deseja a saída dos Estados Unidos do Golfo há décadas. Para alcançar esse objetivo, além do alívio gradual das sanções internacionais, Teerã ofereceria amplas concessões: restrições aos seus programas nucleares e de mísseis, o fim da beligerância e medidas para a normalização das relações diplomáticas com seus vizinhos. Tal reestruturação sistêmica das relações intra-Golfo marcaria o início de uma nova ordem regional — o momento de Vestfália do Golfo.
Mas o acordo por si só é insuficiente. As forças armadas do Golfo precisam ser reestruturadas para o combate. Por décadas, as monarquias terceirizaram sua segurança para parceiros internacionais, e suas forças refletem esse arranjo: muitas vezes otimizadas para sinalização diplomática e manutenção de parcerias, em vez das exigências concretas da defesa regional. Isso precisa acabar.
A ILUSÃO DE PROTEÇÃO
Patrocinadores externos frequentemente traem os interesses do Golfo. O Reino Unido cedeu dois terços do território kuwaitiano em 1922, abandonou seus aliados no Iêmen na década de 1960 e, ao retirar as forças britânicas do Golfo em 1971 (onde estiveram presentes, de uma forma ou de outra, por cerca de 150 anos), aquiesceu à anexação, pelo Irã, de três ilhas dos Emirados Árabes Unidos. O histórico de Washington não é muito melhor. Em 1979, os Estados Unidos permaneceram inertes enquanto a revolução consumia o Irã, seu principal parceiro regional na época. Durante a Primavera Árabe, Washington não ofereceu apoio a seus parceiros no Bahrein e no Egito. Em 2019, Washington se recusou a reagir de forma significativa após um ataque apoiado pelo Irã à maior refinaria de petróleo da Arábia Saudita, em Abqaiq. Em 2025, o Catar, um importante aliado dos EUA, foi bombardeado pelo Irã e, separadamente, por Israel. Há uma exceção importante — a libertação do Kuwait das forças iraquianas, liderada pelos EUA, em 1991 —, mas os líderes do Golfo atribuem-lhe peso excessivo. Os Estados Unidos intervieram porque isso servia aos interesses americanos em um momento de unipolaridade. O episódio pouco diz sobre o que Washington fará quando os interesses do Golfo e os interesses americanos voltarem a divergir.
The failure of outside protection is just one aspect of a deeper problem. The Gulf states often suffer—much as Europe has—from a lack of seriousness in military affairs, luxuriating instead in the illusion that the United States will protect them indefinitely. No strategic rationale explains why Gulf states so dependent on maritime exports, and so long exposed to threats of Iranian mining in the Strait of Hormuz, have not developed world-class mine-hunting capabilities. This naval expertise was instead almost entirely left to the United Kingdom and the United States—a fateful arrangement, since the former retired its minehunters before the war and the latter bizarrely began operations against Iran in February with its own minehunters thousands of miles away. As ever, London and Washington made these decisions to suit themselves, not the Gulf states.
Gulf militaries must forge real warfighting capabilities. Pockets of excellence exist. The United Arab Emirates’ successful amphibious landing in the Yemeni port city of Aden in 2015 was the most complex in modern Arab military history; Gulf missile defense operators are proficient, not least because they are among the most battle-tested in the world. In the absence of international patrons to do the work for them, Gulf militaries have proved up to the job. The task now is to generalize the pattern before the next crisis exposes the gaps—and the departure of U.S. forces will concentrate minds as nothing else has.
DÉTENTE: NOW, OR LATER
Some Gulf officials are pushing for the United States to “finish the job” against Iran—a sentiment captured in the demand, voiced privately across Gulf capitals, that Washington not stop until Iran can no longer hold the Strait of Hormuz at risk, sustain its proxies, or strike infrastructure with impunity. But the Islamic Republic survived an existential eight-year war with Iraq that wrecked its economy and killed hundreds of thousands of Iranians, decades of sanctions, and an Israeli campaign of assassinations of senior regime figures. Now, months into one of the most sustained bombing campaigns the region has ever seen, the regime still stands and continues to launch drones and missiles at its neighbors. Betting that it will collapse through pressure alone is a wager the historical record does not support.
All wars end. The only question is whether a settlement comes after months or years. Bitter rivals eventually seek accommodation, as Iran and the Gulf states have in the past. Before the current war becomes catastrophic, Iran and the Gulf monarchies should pursue a treaty in which the United States withdraws from its bases in the region in exchange for reciprocal concessions from Iran. Such a treaty would lay the foundation for a new regional order, one in which the Gulf states shape the terms of their security rather than relying on patrons whose interests will not always align with their own.
A phased U.S. withdrawal over five years would remove a structural cause of Gulf insecurity. This would entail the departure of U.S. forces from the major installations in the region—Al Udeid in Qatar, the Fifth Fleet’s headquarters in Bahrain, Al Dhafra in the United Arab Emirates, Ali Al Salem and Camp Arifjan in Kuwait, and Prince Sultan in Saudi Arabia—with infrastructure left intact and a binding treaty obligation to return rapidly should a serious threat materialize. Iranian strategic doctrine sees the American regional military presence as an existential threat and the primary target of its deterrence strategy. An Iran no longer facing existential threats from the United States and Israel would be less driven to forever expand its military capabilities. But any American pullback would be neither unilateral nor unconditional. In exchange for a U.S. withdrawal, a prize that has never before been on offer, Tehran is likely prepared to concede more than it has under any previous agreement.
The nuclear question is central. Any plausible settlement would see Iran restore cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency on terms more intrusive than those of the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. The Gulf states’ own civilian nuclear programs could provide the basis for a framework of mutual inspections, transparency, and trust-building. That, in turn, could constrain Israel’s unilateral operations against Iran—and a Tehran no longer under existential threat would have less reason to race for the bomb.
Uma retirada gradual dos EUA eliminaria uma causa estrutural da insegurança no Golfo.
Constraining Iran’s drone programs will be harder. Production is dispersed by design, and the technology is too diffuse and dual in purpose to be policed through traditional inspection regimes. Complete prohibition may be out of reach, but a multilateral inspections architecture that includes the Gulf states could set binding limits on range and payload, restrict transfers to nonstate actors, and monitor for large-scale deployments. Compliance would be enforced through the same logic that underpins the rest of the compact: graduated suspension of sanctions and the conditional pacing of U.S. withdrawal, so that both Tehran’s economic relief and the United States’ departure depend on verified adherence. In parallel, the Gulf states should absorb the counterdrone tactics of Ukraine: electronic warfare, layered intercept, and the fortification of critical infrastructure. Diplomacy reduces the threat over time; defense addresses it in the meantime.
Iran would also need to sign on to a comprehensive treaty of nonbelligerence that codifies limits on Iranian ballistic missile ranges and payloads, unwinds Tehran’s support for proxy groups such as the Houthis in exchange for graduated sanctions relief, and lays the foundations for regional economic engagement, giving both sides a material stake in the compact’s durability. The objective is to transform the Gulf from a contested battlefield into an integrated economic zone in which the costs of conflict would be borne by all parties, Iran included.
Some may object that Iran will not honor such a compact, arguing that the Islamic Republic is driven by doctrinal imperatives that no incentive structure can modify. A more pragmatic reading of Iran casts it as a rational, if ruthless, state actor pursuing legible strategic objectives: the removal of U.S. military power from its neighborhood, recognition of its regional standing, the survival of the Tehran regime. On that view, its behavior is sensitive to pressure and inducement.
The historical record suggests that neither of those views is completely correct. Iran is ideologically motivated, which explains its sustained investment in proxy networks across the region and its refusal to abandon anti-Zionism, a founding tenet of the revolution, even when doing so would have eased its international isolation. But it is also strategically flexible; its foreign policy has been shaped by incentives and deterrents. Iran has often been practical, trading with Israel in the 1980s, enjoying eras of regional détente in the 1990s and 2000s, adhering to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action for over a year after Washington’s 2018 withdrawal and then continuing to comply in part, and restoring relations with Saudi Arabia in 2023.
The question is not whether Iran is trustworthy but whether the incentives on offer are sufficient to make compliance the path of least resistance. On that question, the architecture proposed here—sanctions relief at transformative scale and the removal of the U.S. military presence—places more on the table than any previous negotiating framework.
WIN-WIN-WIN
The Gulf states have the most to gain and the most to lose, and any settlement that excludes them risks becoming a narrower Washington-Tehran bargain that serves the two capitals’ interests rather than those of the monarchies. Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates must be principals to the treaty, not observers. They must define the verification architecture, drive the mutual inspections regime, and lead the pursuit of economic engagement that would make the compact durable.
But for that to work, the Gulf states require a renewal of U.S. commitments, codified in treaty, with military infrastructure left intact and a binding obligation for the United States to return should a serious threat materialize. The current war has demonstrated the U.S. capacity to mobilize significant forces into the region in a matter of weeks. This arrangement is a clear win for the Gulf monarchies, providing assurance and deterrence without the provocative U.S. military presence Tehran finds unacceptable.
As a settlement takes shape and the United States gradually withdraws its forces, Gulf states must build up their own capacities to deter Iran. They are far from defenseless; they possess world-class missile defense systems and conventional capabilities that are patchy but maturing. The harder question is what cooperation looks like among states whose recent history includes a three-and-a-half-year blockade of one of their own. Full integration is implausible, but that is not the only model. Bilateral coordination, as well as coalitions of the willing built around specific functions, can deliver much of the practical effect without demanding a political union the region has shown it cannot produce. Cooperation can take many forms: maritime security in the Strait of Hormuz, shared early warning data on Iranian launches, joint exercises for port and refinery defense, drone-swarm interception, and mine clearance. This does not require every Gulf state to participate in every initiative, only enough of them to participate in enough of the right ones.
For Washington, a phased withdrawal backed by a comprehensive regional settlement offers what the current trajectory cannot: a dignified exit that looks like statesmanship rather than retreat. A settlement that verifiably constrains Iran’s nuclear ambitions, ends decades of forward deployment, and produces a durable Gulf compact would address several problems at once: the fiscal burden of permanent presence, the energy market disruption that regional instability generates, and the American public’s exhaustion with open-ended entanglement in the Middle East.
Os Estados do Golfo devem desenvolver suas próprias capacidades para dissuadir o Irã.
O prêmio para o Irã é o que 40 anos de postura revolucionária e ameaças nucleares não conseguiram entregar. O alívio das sanções suficiente para retomar o crescimento importa mais para o regime do que qualquer vitória militar externa; a ameaça interna de uma população jovem, instruída e alienada é mais perigosa para a República Islâmica do que uma coalizão estrangeira. Tendo sobrevivido à mais intensa pressão militar de sua história, o regime agora tem a credibilidade para fazer concessões a seus adversários externos e a seus próprios cidadãos sem humilhação — para converter a resistência em um acordo e na recuperação econômica.
Para os Estados do Golfo, o instinto de permanecer sob a proteção de segurança dos EUA reflete um século de hábito institucional, socialização da elite e o custo irrecuperável de uma estrutura que, ocasionalmente, se mostrou eficaz. Mas a segurança não pode ser comprada do exterior; ela precisa ser construída internamente. Os Estados Unidos eventualmente deixarão a região, independentemente da preferência das monarquias. A única questão é se os países do Golfo moldarão os termos dessa saída ou se serão moldados por eles.
DAVID B. ROBERTS é Professor de Estudos de Segurança do Oriente Médio no King's College London, Diretor do Instituto de Estudos de Segurança Aplicada do King's College e autor de Política de Segurança das Monarquias do Golfo.







